Journal Articles
期刊文章
Most economics research citations will be journal articles. Here's the standard format:
大多数经济学研究引用将是期刊文章。以下是标准格式：
Basic Format
基本格式
Format:
格式：
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. DOI or URL
Examples
例子
Single Author:
单一作者：
Krugman, P. (2009). The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008. The American Economic Review, 99(2), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.45
Multiple Authors:
多个作者：
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
Important for Economics:
对经济学重要的：
- Always include DOI when available
如果有DOI，务必包含
- Use official journal abbreviations if required
如有要求，使用官方期刊缩写
- Include issue numbers in parentheses
在括号中包含期号
- Economic journals often have unique formatting requirements
经济学期刊往往有独特的格式要求
Books
书籍
Economics textbooks and academic books are frequently cited in assignments.
经济学教科书和学术书籍在作业中经常被引用。
Basic Format
基本格式
Format:
格式：
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
Examples
例子
Single Author:
单一作者：
Mankiw, N. G. (2020). Principles of economics (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Multiple Authors:
多个作者：
Samuelson, P. A., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economics (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Edited Book:
编辑的书籍：
Taylor, J. B., & Woodford, M. (Eds.). (1999). Handbook of macroeconomics. Elsevier.
Chapter in Edited Book:
编辑书籍中的章节：
Romer, D. (1999). Short-run fluctuations. In J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford (Eds.), Handbook of macroeconomics (pp. 1051-1107). Elsevier.
Online Sources
在线资源
Many economic resources are available online. Pay attention to the credibility of sources.
许多经济资源都在网上可获得。注意资源的可信度。
Online Articles/Reports
在线文章/报告
Format:
格式：
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Website Name. URL
Example:
例子：
Yellen, J. L. (2023, March 15). The economic outlook and monetary policy. Federal Reserve Board. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/yellen20230315a.htm
When to Include Retrieval Dates
何时包含检索日期
Include retrieval date only when:
仅在以下情况下包含检索日期：
- Content is designed to change over time (like Wikipedia)
内容设计为随时间变化（如维基百科）
- No publication date is available
没有出版日期
- The source lacks an archived version
来源缺乏存档版本
Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://example.com
Government and Organization Reports
政府和组织报告
Economic research frequently uses government and international organization data.
经济研究经常使用政府和国际组织数据。
Government Reports
政府报告
Federal Reserve:
美联储：
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2023). Economic data: FRED. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/
Bureau of Economic Analysis:
经济分析局：
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2023, April 27). Gross domestic product, first quarter 2023 (advance estimate). BEA News Release. https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-first-quarter-2023-advance-estimate
International Organizations
国际组织
World Bank:
世界银行：
World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
OECD:
经合组织：
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). OECD economic outlook, volume 2023 issue 1. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/ce188438-en
Economic Data and Statistics
经济数据和统计
Citing economic data requires special attention to data sources and time periods.
引用经济数据需要特别注意数据来源和时间段。
Data Sets
数据集
FRED Economic Data:
FRED经济数据：
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. (2023). Real gross domestic product [GDPC1], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPC1
Statistics Canada:
加拿大统计局：
Statistics Canada. (2023). Table 36-10-0104-01: Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, Canada, quarterly (x 1,000,000). https://doi.org/10.25318/3610010401-eng
Tips for Economic Data:
经济数据技巧：
- Include the specific data series or table number
包含具体的数据系列或表格编号
- Mention the time period of data used
提及使用数据的时间段
- Note any adjustments (seasonal, inflation-adjusted, etc.)
注明任何调整（季节性、通胀调整等）
- Include download or access date if data updates frequently
如果数据频繁更新，包含下载或访问日期
In-Text Citations
文内引用
How to cite sources within your text.
如何在文本中引用来源。
Basic In-Text Citations
基本文内引用
Single Author:
单一作者：
According to Krugman (2009), the financial crisis...
The financial crisis demonstrated (Krugman, 2009)...
Multiple Authors (2):
多个作者（2个）：
Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) argue that...
Institutions matter for economic development (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012).
Multiple Authors (3+):
多个作者（3个以上）：
First citation: (Acemoglu, Johnson, & Robinson, 2001)
Subsequent citations: (Acemoglu et al., 2001)
Direct Quotes
直接引用
Short Quote (less than 40 words):
短引用（少于40字）：
Mankiw (2020) states that "inflation is a monetary phenomenon" (p. 45).
Block Quote (40+ words):
块引用（40字以上）：
Krugman (2009) explains the complexity of financial crises:
Financial crises are not simply random events that happen to economies. They are
the result of a complex interplay between human psychology, institutional
frameworks, and economic fundamentals that create systemic vulnerabilities. (p. 123)
Economics-Specific Citation Examples
经济学特定引用例子
Common sources in economics with proper APA formatting.
经济学中的常见来源及其正确的APA格式。
Federal Reserve Publications
美联储出版物
Fed Speech:
美联储演讲：
Powell, J. H. (2023, August 25). Inflation: Progress and the path ahead [Speech]. Jackson Hole Economic Symposium, Jackson Hole, WY. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20230825a.htm
Fed Paper:
美联储论文：
Bernanke, B. S., Gertler, M., & Watson, M. (1997). Systematic monetary policy and the effects of oil price shocks. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 91-157.
Working Papers
工作论文
NBER Working Paper:
NBER工作论文：
Blanchard, O., & Summers, L. H. (2017). Rethinking stabilization policy: Evolution or revolution? (No. w24179). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24179
Economic Indicators
经济指标
Consumer Price Index:
消费者价格指数：
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, May 10). Consumer price index summary. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
Remember:
记住：
- Always verify the most current APA guidelines
始终验证最新的APA指南
- Check your professor's specific requirements
检查教授的具体要求
- Use reference management software when possible
尽可能使用参考文献管理软件
- Double-check all DOIs and URLs
仔细检查所有DOI和网址
- Be consistent throughout your paper
在整篇论文中保持一致